Example of Argumentative Essay Topics for Dummies

<h1> Example of Argumentative Essay Topics for Dummies</h1> <p>Understanding how to make a solid contentious paper can assist you with propelling your own special factious reasoning. We'll oversee them, and at a reasonable cost, as we comprehend that understudies regularly don't have a lot of cash to save. Pick what you know Select something which you definitely know and start expounding on it. To begin with, you must lay everything out and pull to the perusers' advantage. </p> <p>Somebody manages wellbeing. This is on the grounds that most of people use Mastercards since they lead need to remain off of credit. Many individuals question this development, however by and by, it will occur. They contend constantly. </p> <h2>The Foolproof Example of Argumentative Essay Topics Strategy </h2> <p>There's, normally, a breaking point on the assortment of pages even our absolute best authors can deliver with a squeezing cutoff time, however by and large, we make sense of how to fulfill all the customers looking for critical help. You'll discover heaps of various charge cards in the commercial center and even some that will allow you to apply regardless of whether you have terrible credit. Few out of every odd child is destined to be genuinely fit, and various youngsters tend to experience the ill effects of sicknesses that could keep them from getting a more noteworthy evaluation in Gym. </p> <p>I do definitely something very similar at whatever point I wish to make a sort out of letter, handout, or report I've never composed. In light of the time allotment the paper will be, and to what extent you have, look out for the subjects that will require a lot of research, perusing, or other long practice. See Asia for example, a great deal of them have their financial balance associated with their cell phone, and all they ought to do is swipe their cell phone, and they're going to cover their buy by utilizing their cell phone. Do that by the utilization of solid proof. </p> <h2>The Supreme Strategy for Example of Argumentative Essay Topics </h2> <p>To make a solid factious exposition, understudies should begin by acclimating themselves with some of the normal, and every now and again clashing, positions on the examination point so they can compose an informed paper. Throughout individual's instruction, an understudy is probably going to unearth the undertaking of composing a pugnacious article. </p> <p>You may likewise observe paper models. Since you have to make a contentious article you may too figure out how to compose it well great. Contentious article is your ticket and we'll share the top winning theme proposals for your flawlessness. How might you make an awesome factious paper. </p> <p>Moral contentious article subjects are a couple of the easiest to become overly energetic with. A factious paper expects you to pick a theme and have a situation on it. It is a specific sort of scholastic composition. It is a sort of exposition that presents contentions about the two sides of an issue. </p> <h2> The Foolproof Example of Argumentative Essay Topics Strategy</h2> <p>It is much of the time an extraordinary thought to pick a theme that will in general evoke a passionate response. There are no minor comments. When you have the theme, answer the inquiry and after that help your answer with at least three clarifications for why you trust it. A wonderful technique to tell if your points is a contention subject is to see whether you can discuss your theme using the data you find. </p> <p>This can empower you to remain on point and can make your contention sound progressively reliable. A far reaching contention As referenced previously, a contention doesn't need to be formal. Pugnacious contentions are just contentions that are composed back on paper. Finding the most appropriate contentions can assist you with demonstrating your point and win. </p> <p>This way your contention is sure to dominate the competition once it boils down to persuading your perusers your perspective is the best perspective to take. A determination is, unquestionably, the most critical bit of the pugnacious exposition since you can either bolster the predominant impression or devastate it totally. Each point should be joined by solid proof. At the point when you are mentioned to pick an incredible subject for your contention, start with something you're acclimated with. </p>

Credit Debt Topics Research Paper

Credit Debt Topics Research PaperNow that you've made it through the credit debt topics that you need to address, it's time to apply the concepts that you've learned in your credit debt topics research paper. Here are some of the things that you need to consider in order to format a persuasive thesis statement. As you read through these concepts, keep in mind that you should consider all of the points that you discuss in your credit debt topics research paper.First of all, you need to start by writing the necessary sections that you need to address in the section that you are going to write. Be sure that you are addressing all of the important topics that you need to address in order to make a well-structured credit debt topics research paper. In order to give you some help, here are some of the things that you need to focus on.First of all, you need to include a section on your key areas of research in order to make your research paper well-structured. Your credit debt topics resear ch paper needs to address all of the aspects of credit that you need to include in your credit debt topics research paper. This includes things like credit scores, interest rates, and other key financial aspects of credit.Another thing that you need to do is to include a section on any data that you have already gathered about the subject. This can be helpful for two reasons. First of all, it can help you relate your research data to other types of research data. In this way, you can start to create a thesis statement, which is a more detailed introduction of your research.Secondly, this part of the research paper can help you organize your writing. By including this section, you can bring some order to the process. By using this organizing principle, you can make sure that all of your research data has some sort of order to it. It can help you make sure that your paper flows smoothly and becomes more cohesive.Next, you need to make sure that you make a proper outline of your credit debt topics research paper. By writing an outline, you can make sure that you don't go overboard with your research and that you can include all of the information that you need to include in your research paper. By making an outline, you can make sure that you avoid losing track of your research.Finally, you need to make sure that you follow up on all of the questions that you posed in one particular section of your research paper. By following up on the questions that you posed in one particular section of your research paper, you can make sure that you are writing a well-structured research paper. By following up on the questions that you posed in one particular section of your research paper, you can make sure that you get a good feel for your writing style.These are just a few ideas that you can use when you're writing your credit debt topics research paper. There are many other ideas that you can use as well, but these are some of the concepts that you can use in order to hel p you with your research paper. Just be sure that you can relate your credit debt topics research paper to other types of research papers as well.

Essay Topics for Fall Quarter

Essay Topics for Fall QuarterIf you want to earn honors in the undergraduate subjects, then you can focus on your college essays for Fall Quarter. There are many essay topics that you can take care of. The fall season is coming up and it is the time when students will also be doing their personal work and preparing for the new school year. These topics are what will help you in helping you achieve a degree.One of the essay topics that will surely be included in your syllabus is the case study. This will let you get acquainted with the work and will make you know how to plan and analyze the activities. You will be able to see how you can prepare and organize the findings. Before planning the cases, you should have all the materials ready and it is best if you have the aid of an instructor or a colleague. You will get to know the things that you need to do and then you will have to make use of your own initiative to do the work well.The essay topics for the fall quarter have three impo rtant aspects. First is that you should know the events that led you to the target and your perspective to show this in your essay. You should be able to handle the different situations and analyze the significance of those events. The second aspect is that you should analyze the decisions and reactions of the students and they should be in sync with your understanding. The last but not the least, you should be able to put into perspective the environment where you studied so that you would be able to guide the future students in better ways.These essay topics can be easily taken care of if you follow the tips. Before deciding on the topic, you must consider the top three choices. These include the economic recession, the aftermath of war and the case study.There are many other topics that you can select from. You can ask your lecturer or the professor if they have anything to share. It is also a good idea to ask the experts from the topic because they might be able to point out som e of the areas that you might have forgotten to consider.The other part of the college essay topics for the fall is the political science and sociology. You can add these topics to your syllabus if you like because they are also very important parts of the course work.These essay topics will help you earn an honors and you will have to prepare and look for the topics that fit into your schedule. You should remember that your essay should go beyond the standard lines and may not be a mere list of facts and figures. You should tell what you think, what you are thinking, what you feel and what you believe. You must also add something about yourself and your role as a part of the society.

The Stained Glass By Kate Chopin - 863 Words

Through the Stained Glass Feminism is the idea that woman are equally the same as men politically, socially, and economically. During the 1900’s feminism was unheard of at the time but Kate Chopin an American author who was widely known for her short stories and novels challenged that idea. Chopin would have her characters test the way society viewed women and have them embrace those feminist ideals despite Chopin killing off her main characters. Because of this there was very little her editors could do without angering her readers. In modern day society we do not judge so easily like we did before; if an un-happy wife is suddenly widowed, becomes rich, and lives happily ever after it is totally accepted because society is more progressive than it was in the 19th century. In Chopin’s The Story of an Hour, we begin the story of Mrs. Mallard hearing the terrible news of her husband’s sudden death. Completely in shock Louise sat on her cushion chair at an open wind ow grieving for her husband. She was full of emotions when she begins to have feelings of freedom and independence. Louise then realizes that though she has lost her husband she kept whispering to herself, â€Å"Free! Body and soul free!†. Josephine, Louise sister, begins to get worried and starts peaking through the keyhole of her door that Louise locked herself in, she then asks Louise to get out of the room or she will get ill. Louise opens the door and holds her sister as they walked the stairs. And there he stood

Sustainable Opportunities and Challenges

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable Opportunities and Challenges. Answer: Introduction: As the demand of energy in the modern world rises with the growing population of the world, it is essential to use the alternative source of energy. The use of the alternative energy also helps to avoid the adverse effects that are associated with the use of the conventional form of energy. The use of nuclear energy is one of the best and sustainable form of energy sources, that used by most of the developed nations of the world. Australia is only nation of the international G-20 forum, which do not make use of the nuclear source of energy. The government of the country only depends on the coal for the formation of energy. This essay reflects on the importance of the use of nuclear energy in order to meet the growing demand of energy is Australia and also the adverse effects associated with it. The public opinion about the use of nuclear energy is also mentioned. In today's world, the use of nuclear power for the production of electricity is considered to be one of the most environments friendly form of producing energy as the production of green house gas is much lower compared to that of thermal source of energy. The lower cost of nuclear energy is another major advantage as the production of electricity is much lesser amount of Uranium compared to that of amount of coal needed for the production of electricity. The nuclear power plants also do not have the risk to face crisis due to shortage of supply of raw materials. Nevertheless, the hazardous nature of Uranium requires special care and attention as it is one of the most unstable elements in nature. Moreover, there is a risk of water pollution due to the flow of radiation from the nuclear power plant. In spite of the fact that there are several safety measures taken to avoid the accidents that can occur from the nuclear reactor, there is the risk of leakage (Hunt 2012). According to Chu and Majumdar (2012), the high per capita consumption of energy of the people of Australia is depended on the coal. The country is also the largest exporter of coal, and in the year of 2005-06, there is nearly 230 million tons of black coal that were exported to Australia. Nearly 41% of the energy consumption in Australia is produced from the coal, and only 5% of the total energy is based from renewable sources. The rate of energy consumption is growing at the rate of 2-3% per year in Australia since the 1990s, which is much below the rate of growth of GDP of the country (Martin and Rice 2015). The survey analysis done by Effendi and Courvisanos (2012), mentioned that only 42% of the Australian are ready to accept the implication of nuclear power. The nuclear disaster that took place in the Fukushima of Japan after the earthquake in 2011 has created a sense of fear among the people for the use of nuclear energy. There is a huge political debate going on within the country about the use of nuclear energy for the production of electricity. In spite of the fact that there is vast reserve of naturally occurring Uranium in Australia, the government has failed to make full use of this natural resource. As Australia is one of the major producers of thermal energy in the world, it is unlikely to face energy crisis at present. However, as the demand of the energy is rising rapidly with the advancement of modern technology, the risk of the energy crisis is getting higher. The Australian Bureau of Resource and Agricultural Economics have raised concern about the lower production of ra te of electricity from renewable sources. As the policy of the federal government of Australia has made special policies to raise the import of Uranium from the country in order to increase the income level, there is lesser chance of setting up of nuclear power plant in the country. The idea of CCS deployment can be help to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas and thus help to reduce the effect of climate change. It is the duty of the government to implement the use of nuclear power in order to fulfill the political promise that is made to the common people. After the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant, all the major nations of the world are unwilling to initiate the use of the nuclear as a source of energy. Nevertheless, there is mixed opinion on the people of Australia about the implication of nuclear power in practice. In spite of the fact that coal is the major source of energy production, in the last five years, the use of the renewable source of energy has increase d 3.5% (Mishra and Smyth 2016). The government of Australia is highly keen to implement the use of nuclear power. However, the biggest obstacle the government has faced is from the opposition of common people (Falk and Settle 2011). The transportation sector is the highest consumer of energy in Australia with 1479 petajoules of energy with 38.5% of the total energy consumption. This is followed by manufacturing sector with the consumption of 1047 petajoules. The government of Australia has aimed to increase the use of renewable source of energy by 20% by the year 2020, and by the year 2050, the reduction of greenhouse emission is aimed to reduce by 60%. In the past few years, Australia has faced more political struggle for the consequence of climate change more than any other nations of the world. Many political leaders have strongly opposed the initiation of nuclear energy, as they believed that the risk that is associated with the use of nuclear power plant is not worth taking. Nevertheless, they supported the use of another form of renewable source of energy, and reduced use of carbon is given more importance (Effendi and Courvisanos 2012). The government of Australia has introduced the Clean Energy Legislation aiming to reduce the emission of green house gas. According to the protocol of this Act, there should be restriction on the amount of carbon emitted from each source. Bird et al. (2014), believes that use of nuclear energy for a long time can improve the economic condition of Australia, by reducing the cost of energy production. On the other hand, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 were implemented to prohibit the use of nuclear form of energy. This would help to prevent the nuclear discharge that can cause hazardous effect on the ecosystem and environment. The radiation from the nuclear discharge if exposed directly to an individual can elevate the risk of cancer. There is also the Nuclear Activities Prohibitions Act 1983 was passed to protect the health of the individuals. The opposition and protest for the nuclear power were initiated way back in the 1970s. The people who opposed the use strongly claimed that the nuclear power could be used to make weapons and thereby compromise the peace level of the nation. Nevertheless, at present, the percentages of Australians, who are supporting the use of nuclear energy, have increased significantly. During the survey of 1979 only 34% Australians supported the use of nuclear energy and in 2009 the percentage increased to 49% (Hunt 2012). One of the main issues related to the application of nuclear power is the high expenditure involved in the setup of the nuclear power plant. The extra amount is needed to ensure the safety level of the power plant. It is also challenging to make arrangement for the discharge of nuclear waste. The industrial sectors on the other hand have responded well for accepting the use of nuclear power as it has helped to lower the cost of producing energy. Hence, the industrial sector has been able to increase their productivity (Hecht and Miller 2010). The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission is one of the major agencies of the government of Australia, whose duty is to manage the economic growth of the country and also assessing the opportunity that is associated with the use of nuclear energy. The research team of the commission has explored the opportunities that are associated mining of the raw materials related that is needed for nuclear waste. It is important to properly process the raw ma terials that before using it in the nuclear power plant. The management of nuclear waste and proper storage is necessary that will help to prevent the hazardous effect associated with the leakage of nuclear radiation (Piper 2015). The use of nuclear energy is one of the most important sources of alternative energy that is used to meet the rising demand of energy in the modern world. Australia is the only nation of the G-20 international summit that does not use the nuclear power. The nation is the biggest exporter of coal, which the biggest source of energy producer of the nation. The main advantage that is associated with the use of nuclear power is the lesser amount of greenhouse gas that is emitted. Thus the use of nuclear energy can help to prevent the consequence associated with the climate change. At present, Australia is not facing any major challenge due to energy crisis. However, as the demand for the energy is rising, it is essential for the nation to adopt the use of nuclear power. Moreover, 33% of the world's Uranium is found in Australia, and thus they can get efficient supply of raw materials and lower the cost of electricity. Nevertheless, it is important to take sufficient necessary steps to prevent the adverse effects related to the use of nuclear energy. The support of the Australians for the use of nuclear energy also has increased significantly in the past few years. This will help the government to set up plan for setting up nuclear power plant. Reference Bird, D.K., Haynes, K., van den Honert, R., McAneney, J. and Poortinga, W., 2014. Nuclear power in Australia: A comparative analysis of public opinion regarding climate change and the Fukushima disaster.Energy Policy,65, pp.644-653. Chu, S. and Majumdar, A., 2012. Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future.nature,488(7411), pp.294-303. Effendi, P. and Courvisanos, J., 2012. Political aspects of innovation: Examining renewable energy in Australia.Renewable Energy,38(1), pp.245-252. Falk, J. and Settle, D., 2011. Australia: approaching an energy crossroads.Energy Policy,39(11), pp.6804-6813. Hecht, A.D. and Miller, C.A., 2010. Perspectives on achieving sustainable energy production and use.Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy,2(3), p.031002. Hunt, C., 2012. For the sake of a credible climate change policy in Australia-revisiting the nuclear energy option.Economic Analysis and Policy,42(1), pp.5-14. Martin, N. and Rice, J., 2015. Improving Australia's renewable energy project policy and planning: A multiple stakeholder analysis.Energy Policy,84, pp.128-141. Mishra, V. and Smyth, R., 2016. Conditional Convergence in Australia's Energy Consumption at the Sector Level.Energy Econ. Piper, D., 2015. Full nuclear cycle can only benefit uranium: Panel.Australia's Paydirt,1(227), p.50.

The advantages and disadvantages of Enterprise Resource Planning

Introduction Most companies have found it difficult to cope with factors such as mergers and competitiveness among others, using the old system of MRP (Manufacturing resource planning). Moreover, they have found it hard to improve in profitability with the same system.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The advantages and disadvantages of Enterprise Resource Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has prompted a shift to Enterprise Resource Planning, which has proved to be efficient in all areas of production. Companies that do not use ERP usually find themselves using incompatible software packages that carry with them numerous errors and problems, thus undermining their objectives. This is mainly because several processes are involved in implementing ERP, all the way from designing of the product to marketing. ERP is therefore very instrumental in enhancing management and efficiency; this would help in ach ieving most, if not all of the company’s objectives. The paper will use two articles to analyze advantages and disadvantages of ERP in organizations (Exforsys, Inc., 2009, p. 1). ERP Enterprise resource planning is a platform that integrates all elements of production in an organization to manage and automate the activities, thereby improving their efficiency, logistics and work flow, among others. Its integration combines all the external and internal factors of production in an organization . It begins right from product design and facilitates flow of work throughout the system. ERP does not rely on periodic updates and therefore ensures real time application throughout its integrated system software. Its ability to run in virtually every network as well as hardware makes it not only viable but reliable too. ERP has a common database that work with all applications. Its reliability is unrivaled as it utilizes database as storage for information. Its main objective is to try and consolidate all the departments in a company. Communication is fastened through this method and product design is boosted as well. ERP strives to incorporate finance, manufacturing, customer service, chain supply, data services and human resource departments, among others. ERP has been touted as one of the best management systems in the world. It has succeeded in replacing MRP as the solution based software that integrates all departments. According to Barker and Frolick, successful implementation of ERP is vital to success of a company.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More More often organizations know what to implement, however they fall way shot of its implementation guidelines and in the end failing to maximize its utilization. Several articles have tried to suggest ways of implementing ERP successfully in organizations, focusing more on its advantages than the disadvan tages. Furthermore a number of companies have also failed in successful implementation of ERP, instead trying to cover for it with other software packages. However it is quite imperative to note that as much as it is very efficient and useful in its application, ERP requires proper implementation, following of all the guidelines that relates to its implementation along with the inclusion of all departments to achieve its purpose (Baltzan, Phillips, Lynch Blakey, 2010, p. 23). Discussion Numerous articles have underlined the main advantages of ERP as well as its disadvantages. A number of agreements are evident in advantages with a few disparities. However most of the authors do not quite concur on major disadvantages. The following are a few analyses on two articles that share and differ on various aspects of ERP implementation (Bidgoli, 2004, p. 707). ERP Implementation failure: A case Study, by Barker and Frolick Barker and Frolick concur that implementing ERP is a difficult task and requires more than installation of the software. They feel that most companies have failed in their quest to implement ERP because of its management. They also argue that after installation, the management must act to involve every personnel so as to bring success. Team attitude is emphasized in this article with an assurance that sustainable success will follow those companies that completes the required implementation. Barker and Frolick stress the fact that ERP is very important in facilitating mergers, competitiveness and acquisitions that have caused uncountable problems to companies. In their success stories with ERP they give Fujitsu as one such company that has excelled due to ERP. According to them, ERP has the following advantages. ERP is essential in improving employee satisfaction, by dipping work redundancy that is likely to cause fatigue. They also credit it with time conservation, which allows for value added tasks, employee satisfaction is also credited with tra nsforming them into company assets as they gain more experience and stay with the organization. This is important in lowering employee turnover as well as training costs and helps in widening competitive advantage (Sheilds, 2001, p. 9-10).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The advantages and disadvantages of Enterprise Resource Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article goes on to state that ERP’s main targets are those departments that are incompatible and incorporates them in the system to help draw them closer. This helps in improving decision making for the organization as it speeds up information processing. Better decision making in companies help them instill corporate environment. The authors attest to the fact that ERP helps break barriers that usually exist between departments, thus helping in workflow. These benefits are usually enticing to companies, causing them to rush into impleme ntation of ERP. The article also majors on disadvantages of ERP, stating that it is prone to failure without proper implementation as well as management. They also concede that ERP is difficult to implement. Other disadvantages include its inability to be modified into the company’s structure and high risks of failure (Barker, Frolick, 2003, p. 43-49). Academic Tutorials Academic tutorials provides several advantages of ERP namely its ability to interface engineering design, tracking of orders, revenue cycle, control and security of information against any sabotage, among others. The article also dwells on disadvantages, in which it concurs with Barker and Frolick that implementation of ERP is very tasking, it has a high risk of failure as companies try to transform into ERP model, difficult in usage and too rigid. Other disadvantages listed by academic tutorials include high switching cost after its implementation, technical support, which may at times cause computer insecu rity. Still others are charges by ERP vendors that is not reflective of the size, and profitability of the organization, risk of over engineering the system that makes it more complex, problems of accountability due to broken barriers as well as its ability to be affected by other department, among others. The article gives more disadvantages than advantages.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Summary The articles have given substantial facts on advantages and disadvantages of ERP implementation. The first article by Backer and Frolick emphasizes on importance of using ERP in management systems although it warns organizations of what to expect if they do not comply with its implementation guidelines. Throughout the article they attribute failure to mistakes by organization; on the other hand Academic tutorials provide several disadvantages of ERP. Nonetheless they both concur that ERP is difficult to implement. Among the advantages provided by the article include reduced costs on inventory, chain supply, material time flow as well as in logistics. It is also credited with standardization of the organization practice, improvement of work flow, error reduction, customer satisfaction, and achievement of company goals. Other advantages include breaking of departmental barriers, faster decision making, improvement on communication and relationships between departments, as well as employee satisfaction, among others (Barker, Frolick, 2003, p. 43-49). Both articles also concur that ERP has disadvantages, although academic tutorials discusses more of it. Among the disadvantages listed include its high rate of failure, high costs of implementation and training of staff as well as the high cost of switching from ERP. Other disadvantages named include its complexity, misfits that may lead to bankruptcy (as in FoxMeyer’s case), high risk of failure, for instance about 20% of companies that attempted implementation of ERP have failed; another example is Dell, which never implemented ERP due to its rigidity to expansion. It may take too long (three or more years) to start reaping benefits, by this time most companies may have succumb to failure. ERP also exposes the company to internet insecurity and this becomes very expensive as they have to continually adapt to contemporary data protection techniques that are costly. Implementation of ERP is therefore very challenging to companies much as it is the best (Vyom Technosoft Ltd., 2011, p. 1). Conclusion ERP is very essential for companies as it helps improve their competitiveness, profitability and product design processes. However, it has several guidelines that make it rigid and therefore very complex. This makes it very expensive to implement and poses a high risk of failure if not successfully implemented. Reference List Baltzan, P., Phillips, A., Lynch, K., Blakey, P., (2010). Business Driven Information Systems, 1 Edition. Print. Barker, T., Frolick, M., (2003). ERP IMPLEMENTATION FAILURE: A CASE STUDY. Information Systems Management. EBSCO Publishing. Bidgoli, H., (2004). The Internet Encyclopedia, Volume 1. John Wiley Sons, Inc. p. 707. Exforsys, Inc., (2009). The Advantages and Disadvantages of ERP. Exforsus.com. Available from:Â  http://www.exforsys.com/tutorials/erp/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-erp.html . Sheilds, G., (2001). E-Business and ERP: Rapid Implementa tion and Project Planning. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. p. 9-10. Vyom Technosoft Ltd., (2011). ERP: The Advantages and Disadvantages of ERP. Academic Tutorials. Available from:Â  http://www.academictutorials.com/erp/erp-advantages.asp . This report on The advantages and disadvantages of Enterprise Resource Planning was written and submitted by user Makhi Smith to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Prove an Argument Invalid by a Counterexample

How to Prove an Argument Invalid by a Counterexample An argument is invalid if the conclusion doesnt follow necessarily from the premises.  Whether or not the premises are actually true is irrelevant.  So is whether or not the conclusion is true.  The only question that matters is this: Is it  possible  for the premises to be true and the conclusion false?  If this is possible, then the argument is invalid. Proving Invalidity: a Two-step Process The counterexample method is a powerful way of exposing what is wrong with an argument that is invalid.  If we want to proceed methodically, there are two steps: 1) Isolate the argument form; 2) Construct  an argument with the same form that is obviously invalid. This is the counterexample. Lets take an example of a bad argument. Some New Yorkers are rude.Some New Yorkers are artists.Therefore Some artists are rude. Step 1: Isolate the Argument Form This simply means replacing the key terms with  letters, making sure that we do this in a consistent way.  If we do this we get: Some N  are RSome N are ATherefore some A are R Step 2: Create the counterexample For instance: Some animals are fish.Some animals are birds.Therefore some fish are birds This is what is called a substitution instance of the argument form laid out in Step 1.  There is an infinite number of these that one could dream up.  Every one of them will be invalid since the argument form is invalid.  But for a counterexample to be effective, the invalidity must shine forth.  That is, the truth of the premises and the falsity of the conclusion must be beyond question. Consider this substitution instance: Some men are politiciansSome men are Olympic championsTherefore some politicians  are Olympic champions. The weakness of this attempted counterexample is that the conclusion isnt obviously false.  It may be false right now, but one can easily imagine an Olympic champion going into politics. Isolating the argument form is like boiling an argument down to its bare bonesits logical form.  When we did this above, we replaced specific terms like New Yorker with letters.  Sometimes, though, the argument for is revealed by using letters to replace whole sentences or sentence-like phrases. Consider this argument, for instance: If it rains on election day the Democrats will win.It wont rain on election day.Therefore the Democrats wont win. This is a perfect example of a fallacy known as affirming the antecedent.  Reducing the argument  to its argument form, we get: If R then DNot RTherefore not D Here, the letters dont stand for descriptive words like rude or artist. Instead, they stand for an expression like, the Democrats will win and it will rain on election day.  These expressions can themselves be either true or false.  But the basic method is the same. We show the argument s invalid by coming up with a substitution instance where the premises are obviously true and the conclusion is obviously false.  For instance: If Obama is older than  90, then hes older than 9.Obama is not older than 90.Therefore Obama is not older than 9. The counterexample method is effective at exposing the invalidity of deductive arguments.  It doesnt really work on inductive arguments since, strictly speaking, these are always invalid.